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U.S. multinational medical manufacturer

Johnson & Johnson

Headquarters at One Johnson and Johnson Plaza in New Brunswick, New Jersey
Type	Public
Traded as	NYSE: JNJ DJIA Component S&P 100 Component S&P 500 Component
ISIN	US4781601046
Industry	Pharmaceutical Medical devices Consumer healthcare
Founded	January 1886; 135 years ago  (1886-01) in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
Founders	Robert Wood Johnson I James Wood Johnson Edward Mead Johnson
Headquarters	One Johnson & Johnson Plaza, New Brunswick, New Jersey , U.S.
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Alex Gorsky (Chairman and CEO) [1] Paul Stoffels (Vice Chairman of the Executive Committee and Chief Scientific Officer) [2] Joaquin Duato (Vice Chairman of the Executive Committee) [3]
Products	See list of Johnson & Johnson products
Revenue	US$82.584 billion (2020) [4]
Operating income	US$19.733 billion (2020) [4]
Net income	US$14.714 billion (2020) [4]
Total assets	US$170.693 billion (2020) [5]
Total equity	US$64.473 billion (2020) [5]
Number of employees	134,500 (2020) [6]
Subsidiaries	Acclarent Actelion Cilag DePuy Synthes Ethicon Janssen Biotech Janssen Pharmaceuticals Janssen Vaccines Johnson & Johnson Vision McNeil Consumer Healthcare Mentor Synthes Tibotec
Website	www.jnj.com

Johnson & Johnson (J&J) is an American multinational corporation founded in 1886 that develops medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and consumer packaged goods. Its common stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the company is ranked No. 36 on the 2021 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.^[7] Johnson & Johnson is one of the world's most valuable companies, and is one of only two U.S.-based companies that has a prime credit rating of AAA,^{[8] [9]} higher than that of the United States government.^[10]

Johnson & Johnson is headquartered in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the consumer division being located in Skillman, New Jersey. The corporation includes some 250 subsidiary companies with operations in 60 countries and products sold in over 175 countries. Johnson & Johnson had worldwide sales of $82.6billion during calendar year 2020.^[11] Johnson & Johnson's brands include numerous household names of medications and first aid supplies. Among its well-known consumer products are the Band-Aid Brand line of bandages, Tylenol medications, Johnson's Baby products, Neutrogena skin and beauty products, Clean & Clear facial wash and Acuvue contact lenses. Johnson & Johnson's pharmaceutical arm is Janssen Pharmaceutica.^[12]

The company announced in November 2021 that it would split into two publicly traded companies, one focused on consumer products, the other on pharmaceuticals.^[13]

History [edit]

1873–1885: Before Johnson & Johnson [edit]

Robert Wood Johnson began his professional training at age 16 as a pharmaceutical apprentice at an apothecary run by his mother's cousin, James G. Wood, in Poughkeepsie, N.Y.^{[14] [15] : 12} Johnson co-founded his own company with George Seabury in 1873. The New York-based Seabury & Johnson became known for its medicated plasters.^{[16] : 675 [15] : 15} Robert Wood Johnson represented the company at the 1876 World's Fair.^{[17] [18]} There he heard Joseph Lister's explanation of a new procedure: antiseptic surgery.^{[15] : 31} Johnson parted ways with his business partner Seabury in 1885.^{[15] : 38}

1886: Founding of Johnson & Johnson [edit]

Early corrosive sublimate cotton packaging with the signature logo

Robert Wood Johnson joined his brothers, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson, and created a line of ready-to-use sterile surgical dressings in 1886. They founded Johnson & Johnson in 1886^{[16] : 675 [15] : 38} with 14 employees, eight women and six men.^{[15] : 43} They manufactured sterile surgical supplies, household products, and medical guides.^[19] Those products initially featured a logo that resembled the signature of James Wood Johnson, very similar to the current logo.^[20] Robert Wood Johnson served as the first president of the company.^{[16] : 675}

1887–1942: Early history [edit]

The company sold medicated plasters such as Johnson & Johnson's Black Perfect Taffeta Court Plaster^[21] and also manufactured the world's first sterile surgical products, including sutures, absorbent cotton, and gauze.^[22] The company published "Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment", a guide on how to do sterile surgery using its products, and in 1888, distributed 85,000 copies to doctors and pharmacists across the United States.^{[23] : 3–99} The manual was translated into three languages and distributed worldwide.^[23] The first commercial first aid kit was designed in 1888 to support railroad construction workers, who were often hundreds of miles from medical care.^[23] The kits included antiseptic emergency supplies and directions for field use. In 1901, the company published the Handbook of First Aid, a guide on applying first aid.^[23]

In 1889, the company hired pharmacist Fred Kilmer as its first scientific director, who led its scientific research and wrote educational manuals.^[23] Kilmer's first achievement as scientific director was developing the industrial sterilization process.^[23] He was employed at the company until 1934.^[23]

Johnson & Johnson had more than 400 employees and 14 buildings by 1894.^{[23] [24]} In 1894, the company began producing Johnson's Baby Powder, the company's first baby product.^[19]

The company introduced the world's first maternity kit in 1894 to aid at-home births. The kit contained antiseptic soap, sanitary napkins, umbilical tape, and Johnson's Baby Powder.^[19] The products were later marketed separately, including "Lister's Towels," the world's first mass-produced sanitary napkins.^{[25] [26]} Kilmer wrote "Hygiene in Maternity", an instructional guide for mothers before and after delivery.^[27] In 1904, the company expanded its baby care products with "Lister's Sanitary Diapers", a diaper product for infants.^[28]

During the Spanish–American War, Johnson & Johnson developed and donated 300,000 packaged compressed surgical dressings for soldiers in the field^{[15] : 78} and created a trauma stretcher for field medics. The company donated its products in disaster relief efforts of the 1900 Galveston hurricane^{[15] : 79} and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.^{[15] : 81}

Johnson & Johnson vaccinated all of its employees against smallpox during the 1901 smallpox epidemic. The firm employed more than 1,200 people by 1910.^[29] Women accounted for half of the company's workforce and led a quarter of its departments.^[29]

Robert Wood Johnson died in 1910, and he was succeeded as president of the company by his brother James Wood Johnson.^{[15] : 195}

During World War I, Johnson & Johnson factories increased production to meet wartime demands for sterile surgical products.^{[30] [31]} In 1916, the company acquired Chicopee Manufacturing Company in Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts to meet demand.^{[31] [15] : 129} Near the end of World War I, the 1918 flu pandemic broke out. The company invented and distributed an epidemic mask which helped prevent the spread of the flu.^{[32] [33]}

In 1919, Johnson & Johnson opened the Gilmour Plant near Montreal, its first factory outside of the United States,^[33] which produced surgical products for international customers. In 1924 the company's first overseas manufacturing facility was opened in Slough, England.^[33]

In 1920, Earle Dickson combined two Johnson & Johnson products, adhesive tape and gauze, to create the first commercial adhesive bandage. Band-Aid Brand Adhesive Bandages began sales the following year.^{[33] [15]} In 1921, the company released Johnson's Baby Soap.^[34] Named after its Massachusetts facility, Johnson & Johnson built a textile mill and company town, Chicopee, outside of Gainesville, Georgia.^{[15] : 170} In the 1930s, the company expanded operations to Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa.^[35] In 1931, Johnson & Johnson introduced the first prescription contraceptive gel marketed as Ortho-Gynol.^[36]

Robert Wood Johnson II became president of the company in 1932.^{[15] : 195}

During The Great Depression Johnson & Johnson kept all its workers employed and raised wages by five percent.^{[15] : 191} In 1933, Robert Wood Johnson II wrote a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, calling for a federal law to increase wages and reduce hours for all American workers.^{[15] : 199} The company also opened a new facility in Chicago during that period.^{[15] : 191} Johnson wrote and distributed "Try Reality: A Discussion of Hours, Wages, and The Industrial Future" to persuade business leaders to follow his lead, advocating that business is more than profit and that companies have responsibilities to consumers, employees, and society. In "Try Reality", the section titled "An Industrial Philosophy" would later become the company's credo.^{[15] : 224 [33]}

In 1935, Johnson's Baby Oil was added to its line of baby products.^{[37] [38]} Both male and female Johnson & Johnson employees were drafted and enlisted during World War II.^{[39] [40]} The company ensured no one would lose their job when they returned home. Robert Wood Johnson II was appointed head of the Smaller War Plants Corporation in Washington, D.C. His work ensured U.S. factories with under 500 employees were awarded government contracts.^{[41] [42]}

1943–44: Credo and going public [edit]

In 1943, as the company was preparing for its initial public offering (IPO), Robert Wood Johnson wrote what the company would call, "Our Credo",^[43] a defining document that has been used to guide the company's decisions over the years.^[44] The company completed its IPO and became a public company in 1944.^[45]

1959: McNeil Consumer Healthcare [edit]

McNeil Consumer Healthcare was founded on March 16, 1879, by Robert McNeil. In 1904, one of McNeil's sons, Robert Lincoln McNeil, became part of the company, and together they created McNeil Laboratories in 1933. The company focused on the direct marketing of prescription drugs to hospitals, pharmacists, and doctors. The development of acetaminophen began under the leadership of Robert L. McNeil Jr., who later served as the firm's chairman. In 1959, Johnson & Johnson acquired McNeil Laboratories and a year later, the company was able to sell Tylenol for the first time without a prescription.^[46]

In 1977, two subsidiary companies were created: McNeil Medicals Products and McNeil Consumer Products Company (also known as McNeil Consumer Healthcare). In 1993, McNeil Medicals Products merged with Ortho Pharmaceutical to form Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical. In 2001, McNeil Consumer Healthcare changed its name to McNeil Consumer & Specialty Medicals Products. The name was later changed to "McNeil Consumer Healthcare".^[47]

1959: Cilag [edit]

In 1933, Swiss chemist Bernhard Joos set up a small research laboratory in Schaffhausen, Switzerland. This led to the founding of Chemische Industrie-Labor AG (Chemical Industry Laboratory AG or Cilag) on May 12, 1936. In 1959, Cilag joined Johnson & Johnson. In the early 1990s, the marketing departments of Cilag and Janssen Pharmaceutica joined to form Janssen-Cilag. The non-marketing departments still operate under their original name.^{[48] [49]}

1961: Janssen Pharmaceuticals [edit]

In 1933, Constant Janssen, the father of Paul Janssen, acquired the right to distribute the pharmaceutical products of Richter, a Hungarian pharmaceutical company, for Belgium, the Netherlands and Belgian Congo.^[50] On October 23, 1934, he founded the N.V. Produkten Richter in Turnhout. After the Second World War, the name was changed to Eupharma, although the original company name Richter would remain until 1956.^[51]

In 1956, Paul Janssen founded his own research laboratory within the Richter-Eurpharma company of his father. On 5 April 1956, the name of the company was changed to NV Laboratoria Pharmaceutica C. Janssen (named after Constant Janssen).^{[ citation needed ]} On May 2, 1958, the research department in Beerse became a separate legal entity known as the N.V. Research Laboratorium C. Janssen. On October 24, 1961, the company was acquired by Johnson & Johnson.^{[52] [50]}

On February 10, 1964, the name was changed to Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V.^[51] In 1999, clinical research and non-clinical development became a global organization within Johnson & Johnson.^{[ citation needed ]} In 2001, a portion of their research activities were reorganized under the Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development organization. in the U.S.^{[ citation needed ]} The research activities of the Janssen Research Foundation and the R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute were merged into the new global research organization.^{[ citation needed ]} On October 27, 2004, the Paul Janssen Research Center was founded.^{[ citation needed ]}

In August 2013, the company acquired Aragon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.^[53] In November 2014, the company acquired Alios BioPharma, Inc. for $1.75billion, and Alios was incorporated into the infectious diseases therapeutic area of Janssen Pharmaceuticals.^[54]

The company's CNS products include the ADHD drug Concerta (methylphenidate extended release), and the long-acting injectable antipsychotics Invega Sustenna (paliperidone palmitate) and Risperdal Consta (risperidone). Invega Sustenna and Risperdal Consta were the first widely utilized long-acting depot injections for the treatment of schizophrenia. Designed to address the issue of poor patient compliance with oral therapy, they are administered by intramuscular injection at intervals of two weeks and one month, respectively. Only minimal improvements in outcomes relative to the oral versions of these drugs were observed in the clinical trial setting, but some evidence suggests that the advantages of long-acting injections in clinical practice may be greater than is readily demonstrated in the environment of a clinical trial.^{[55] [56] [57]}

1998: DePuy Synthes [edit]

DePuy was acquired by Johnson & Johnson in 1998, rolling it into the Medical Devices group.

In September 2010, Johnson & Johnson announced it had completed the acquisition of Micrus Endovascular, manufacturer of minimally invasive devices for hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. Micrus operates under Codman Neurovascular, a business unit of Codman & Shurtleff, Inc.^[58]

On June 14, 2012, Johnson and Johnson acquired Synthes for $19.7billion.^[59] This acquisition established the DePuy Synthes Companies of Johnson & Johnson, which includes: Codman & Shurteff, Inc., DePuy Mitek, Inc., DePuy Orthopaedics, Inc., and DePuy Spine, Inc. In February 2015, DePuy announced it would acquire Olive Medical Corporation.^[60] In May 2016, DePuy Orthopaedics, Inc., acquired Biomedical Enterprises, Inc., an industry leader in small bone fixation.^[61] Later in December of the same year, DePuy Synthes announced it would acquire Pulsar Vascular Inc., adding Pulsar to its Codman division.^[62]

In January 2017, the company acquired Interventional Spine, Inc.^[63] In April 2017, Irish subsidiary DePuy Ireland Unlimited Company announced it would acquire Neuravi, a company with a portfolio of products for hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes, with Codman Neuro behind the deal.^{[64] [65]} In June, DePuy Synthes Products, Inc. announced it would acquire Innovative Surgical Solutions, LLC, bolstering the company's technology for innovative nerve localisation in spinal surgery.^[66]

1999: Janssen Biotech, Inc. [edit]

Janssen Biotech, Inc., formerly known as Centocor Biotech, Inc., is a biotechnology company that was founded in Philadelphia in 1979. In 1982, Centocor transitioned into a publicly traded company. In 1999, Centocor became a wholly owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson. Since the acquisition, Janssen Biotech increased its annual sales from $500million to more than $2billion. During the same period, research and development investment increased from $75million to more than $300million.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 2008, Centocor, Inc. and Ortho Biotech Inc. merged to form Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc. In June 2009, Johnson & Johnson, through a new wholly owned subsidiary, Kite Merger Sub, Inc., announced it would purchase all outstanding shares of common stock of Cougar Biotechnology, Inc. for $43.00 in cash or around $970million.^{[67] [68]} In the same year, Johnson & Johnson Nordic AB acquired Amic, developer of in vitro diagnostic, further strengthening the Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics division.^[69]

In June 2010, Centocor Ortho Biotech acquired RespiVert, a privately held drug discovery company focused on developing small-molecule, inhaled therapies for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.^[70] In June 2011, Centocor Ortho Biotech changed its name to Janssen Biotech, Inc.^[71] as part of a global effort to unite the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies around the world under a common identity. In December 2014, the company announced that it would co-develop MacroGenics cancer drug candidate (MGD011) which targets both CD19 and CD3 proteins in treating B-cell malignant tumours. This could net MacroGenics up to $700million.^[72] In January 2015, the company announced that it will utilize Isis Pharmaceuticals' RNA-targeting technology to discover and develop antisense drugs targeting autoimmune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, with the partnership potentially generating up to $835million for Isis.^[73] In May 2018, Janssen announced that it would acquire BeneVir Biopharm, Inc. for an undisclosed sum.^[74]

In December 2019, XBiotech Inc. announced that it would sell its novel antibody treatment (bermekimab) that neutralizes interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1⍺) to Janssen Biotech, Inc. for $750million plus up to a further $600million.^{[75] [76]}

Ethicon, Inc. [edit]

Johnson & Johnson acquired George F. Merson's company in 1947, and it was renamed Ethicon Suture Laboratories.^[77] In 1953 this became Ethicon Inc.^[78] In 1992, Ethicon was restructured, and Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. became a separate corporation. During the 1990s, Ethicon diversified into new and advanced products and technologies and formed four different companies under the Ethicon umbrella, each of which specializes in different products.

In 2008, J&J announced it would acquire Mentor Corporation for $1billion and merge its operations into Ethicon.^[79] In the same year, Ethicon acquired Omrix Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. for $25 per share,^[80] or $438million in total.^[81] In May 2012, Johnson & Johnson (China) Investment Ltd announced it would acquire surgery blood clotting developer, Guangzhou Bioseal Biotechnology Co., Ltd.^[82] In March 2016, J&Js Ethicon business unit announced it would acquire NeuWave Medical, Inc.^[83] In January 2017, J&J subsidiary Ethicon announced it would acquire Megadyne Medical Products, Inc.,^[84] and the next month it acquired Torax Medical for an undisclosed sum.^[85] In June 2018, the business announced that Advanced Sterilization Products would be sold off to Fortive Corporation for around $2.8billion.^[86]

In February 2019, Johnson & Johnson announced that Ethicon had agreed to acquire surgical robotic company, Auris Health Inc, for $3.4billion in cash^[87] and over $2.3billion in contingent payments based on performance.^{[88] [89]} In December of the same year, the company announced it would acquire the portion of Verb Surgical Inc, that it did not already own, from Verily, Alphabet's life sciences division.^[90]

Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. [edit]

Ethicon Endo-Surgery was part of Ethicon Inc. until 1992, when it became a separate corporate entity under the J&J umbrella. In 2008 Ethicon Endo-Surgery acquired tissue sealing system developer, SurgRx, Inc.^[91] In September 2011 the business acquired SterilMed, Inc.^[92]

2010 onwards [edit]

In October 2010, J&J acquired Crucell for $2.4billion^[93] and will operate as the centre for vaccines, within the wider Johnson & Johnson pharmaceuticals group.^[94]

In November 2015, Biosense Webster, Inc. acquired Coherex, Medical Inc. expanding the companies range of treatment options for patients with atrial fibrillation.^[95]

In July 2016, J&J announced its intention to acquire the privately held company, Vogue International LLC, boosting Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc.^[96] In September of the same year, J&J announced it would acquire Abbott Medical Optics from Abbott Laboratories for $4.325billion, adding the new division into Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc.^[97]

In January 2017, J&J fought off competition from Sanofi to acquire Swiss drugmaker Actelion. Later in the month J&J announced a $30billion deal, the largest ever pursued by the company,^[98] to purchase the Swiss company Actelion and to spin off its research and development unit, into a separate legal entity.^{[99] [100]} In March, the company declared its tender offer for Swiss biotechnology company Actelion successful on Friday, reporting that Janssen Holding GmbH controlled 77.2 percent of the voting rights after the main offer period,^[101] equating to 83,195,346 Actelion shares. In keeping with earlier agreements, the company announced its intention to delist Actelion, while creating the Swiss-based biopharmaceutical company, Idorsia Ltd.^[102] J&J will control 16% of Idorsia, with the ability to raise their stake to 32% through convertible notes.^[103]

In February 2017, medical device manufacturing company, Integra LifeSciences, announced it would buy Johnson & Johnson's Codman neurosurgery business for $1.05 billion.^[104]

In July 2017, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc announced that its Abbott Medical Optics subsidiary would acquire TearScience, who recently received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for an office-based approach to imaging meibomian glands and treating meibomian gland dysfunction.^[105] In September, the company acquired subscription-based contact lens startup Sightbox.^[106]

In March 2018, the company announced that LifeScan, Inc. would be sold off to Platinum Equity for around $2.1billion.^[107] In September of the same year Johnson & Johnson Medical GmbH acquired Emerging Implant Technologies GmbH, manufacturer of 3D-printed titanium interbody implants for spinal fusion surgery.^[108]

In March 2019, the FDA approved esketamine for the treatment of severe depression,^[109] which is marketed as Spravato by Janssen Pharmaceuticals.^[110]

In 2019, Johnson & Johnson announced the release of photochromic contact lenses. The lenses adjust to sunlight and help eyes recover from bright light exposure faster. The lenses contain a photochromic additive that adapts visible light amounts filtered to the eyes and are the first to use such additives.^[111]

In August 2020, it was announced that Johnson & Johnson is set to buy the biotech company Momenta Pharmaceuticals for $6.5billion. In a statement, Johnson & Johnson said, "The acquisition was driven by the significant opportunity seen in nipocalimab, along with the scientific capability Janssen is acquiring with the Momenta team."^[112]

Coronavirus (COVID-19) response [edit]

Johnson & Johnson committed over $1 billion toward the development of a not-for-profit COVID-19 vaccine in partnership with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).^{[113] [114]} Paul Stoffels of Johnson & Johnson said, "In order to go fast, the people of Johnson & Johnson are committed to do this and all together we say we're going to do this not for profit. That's the fastest and the best way to find all the collaborations in the world to make this happen so we commit to bring this at a not-for-profit level."^[115]

Janssen Vaccines, in partnership with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), is responsible for developing the vaccine candidate, based on the same technology used to make its Ebola vaccine. The vaccine candidate is expected to enter phase 1 human clinical study in September 2020.^{[113] [116] [117]}

Demand for the product Tylenol surged two to four times normal levels in March 2020. In response, the company increased production globally. For example, the Tylenol plant in Puerto Rico ran 24 hours a day, seven days a week.^[118]

In response to the shortage of ventilators, Ethicon, with Prisma Health, made and distributed the VESper Ventilator Expansion Splitter, which uses 3D printing technology, to allow one ventilator to support two patients.^[119]

COVID-19 vaccine [edit]

In April 2020, Johnson & Johnson entered a partnership with Catalent who will provide large-scale manufacturing of J&J's vaccine at Catalent's Bloomington facility.^[120] The partnership was expanded to include Catalent's Italian facility in July 2020.^[121]

In June 2020, Johnson & Johnson and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) confirmed its intention to start a clinical trials of J&J's vaccine in September 2020, with the possibility of Phase 1/2a human clinical trials starting at an accelerated pace in the second half of July.^{[122] [123] [124]}

In July 2020, Johnson & Johnson pledged to deliver up to 300 million doses of its vaccine to the U.S., with 100 million upfront and an option for 200 million more. The deal, worth more than $1 billion, will be funded by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) and the U.S. Defense Department.^{[125] [126]}

On 5 August 2020, the US government agreed to pay more than $1 billion to Johnson and Johnson (medical device company) for the production of 100 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine. As part of the agreed-upon deal, the U.S. can order up to 200 million additional doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.^[127]

In September 2020, Johnson & Johnson started its 60,000-person phase 3 adenovirus-based vaccine trial.^[128] The trial was paused on October 12, 2020, because a volunteer became ill,^[129] but the company said it found no evidence that the vaccine had caused the illness and announced on October 23, 2020, that it would resume the trial.^{[130] [131]}

In September 2020, Grand River Aseptic Manufacturing agreed with Johnson & Johnson, to support the manufacture of its SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, including technology transfer and fill and finish manufacture.^[132]

On 29 January 2021, Johnson & Johnson released an efficacy report that is based on data from the Phase 3 trial of its vaccine According to the data, the company's new vaccine, which is a single shot compared to Pfizer/BioNTech's or Moderna's two-shot treatment, is 66%^[133] effective overall regarding preventing moderate to severe forms of COVID-19 in people who received the shot, and 85% effective regarding its ability to prevent severe forms of the disease.

In March 2021, workers at an Emergent BioSolutions plant in Baltimore, Maryland conflated the ingredients of two COVID-19 vaccines, causing about 15 million doses of Johnson & Johnson's vaccine to be ruined. The mix-up, which federal officials attributed to human error, delayed future shipments of the vaccine.^[134]

In April 2021, federal health agencies called for a halt in distributing the Johnson & Johnson vaccine due to the emergence of a rare blood clotting in six recipients.^[135] These cases were determined as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (a "rare and severe" blood clot) in combination with low levels of blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) and affected six women between the ages of 18 and 48 who had recently received the vaccine.^[136] Their symptoms occurred 6–13 days after they had received the vaccination, and it was reported that one woman had died and a second woman had been hospitalized in critical condition.^{[135] [137] [138]} The agencies stated that these adverse events "appear to be extremely rare", but the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) would convene on April 14 to investigate the reports.^[137]

In April 2021, the company reported that its Covid-19 vaccine achieved $100 million sales in the first quarter, accounting for less than 1% of its total revenue.^{[139] [140]}

On June 11, 2021, the FDA announced that approximately 60 million J&J vaccine doses from a troubled plant in Baltimore must be disposed of.^[141] A remaining 10 million doses from the plant are still allowed for distribution; however, this comes with a warning that "regulators cannot guarantee that Emergent BioSolutions, the company that operates the plant, followed good manufacturing practices."^[142]

Business sectors [edit]

The company's business is divided into three major business sectors: Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices, and Consumer Health. In 2020, these segments contributed 55%, 28%, and 17%, respectively, of the company's total revenues.^[143]

Johnson & Johnson Business Sectors

Pharmaceuticals[144]	Medical Devices[145]	Consumer Health[146]
Immunology Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Pulmonary Hypertension Infectious Diseases & Vaccines Neuroscience Oncology	Interventional Solutions Orthopaedics Surgery (General & Advanced) Vision	Baby Care Oral Care Over the Counter Medicines Skin Health Women's Health Wound Care

Pharmaceuticals [edit]

The Pharmaceutical segment is focused on six therapeutic areas: Immunology (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis); Infectious Diseases (HIV/AIDS); Neuroscience (mood disorders, neurodegenerative disorders and schizophrenia); Oncology (prostate cancer and hematologic malignancies); Cardiovascular, Metabolism, & Retina (thrombosis and diabetes), and Pulmonary Hypertension (Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension).^{[147] [148]}

Medical devices [edit]

The Cardiovascular & Specialty Solutions Group includes electrophysiology products that diagnose and treat cardiac arrhythmias; devices used in the endovascular treatment of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke; solutions that focus on breast reconstruction and aesthetics, and ear, nose and throat procedures.^[149]

The orthopaedics portfolio is composed of specialties including joint reconstruction, trauma, extremities, craniomaxillofacial, spinal surgery and sports medicine, in addition to the VELY digital surgery portfolio.^[150]

The surgery portfolio includes advanced surgical innovations and solutions such as sutures, staplers, energy devices, and advanced hemostats along with interventional ablation, surgical robotics, and digital solutions.^[151]

The Johnson & Johnson Vision portfolio includes contact lens, intraocular lens, automated treatment for dry eye, and four brands of laser vision correction systems.^{[152] [153]}

Consumer health [edit]

The Consumer Health Business Sector includes a broad range of products focused on personal healthcare used in the skin health/beauty, over-the-counter medicines, baby care, oral care, women's health, and wound care markets.^[154] It comprises skin health/beauty, self-care, and essential health categories.^[155]

The skin health/beauty category includes personalized skin health assessments, treatments for acne, eczema and aging signs, and cleansers, moisturizers, and sunscreens.^[154]

The self-care category includes medicines for pain relief, smoking cessation, allergy, anti-diarrheal, antacids, nasal decongestants, and cough and colds.^[154]

The essential health category includes products for wound care, oral care, baby care and women's health.^[154]

Finance [edit]

For the fiscal year 2018, Johnson & Johnson reported earnings of $15.3billion, with an annual revenue of $81.6billion, an increase of 6.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Johnson & Johnson's shares traded at over $126 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over $367.5billion in September 2018.^[156]

Year	Revenue in mil. US$	Net income in mil. US$	Employees[157]
2005	50,514	10,060	115,600
2006	53,324	11,053	122,200
2007	61,095	10,576	119,200
2008	63,747	12,949	118,700
2009	61,897	12,266	115,500
2010	61,587	13,334	114,000
2011	65,030	9,672	117,900
2012	67,224	10,853	127,600
2013	71,312	13,831	128,100
2014	74,331	16,323	126,500
2015	70,074	15,409	127,100
2016	71,890	16,540	126,400
2017	76,450	1,300	155,000
2018	81,581	15,297	134,000
2019	82,059	15,119	132,200
2020	82,584	14,714	134,500

Corporate governance [edit]

The current members of the board of directors of Johnson & Johnson for 2020 are: Alex Gorsky, Mary C. Beckerle, D. Scott Davis, Ian E. L. Davis, Jennifer A. Doudna, Mark B. McClellan, Anne M. Mulcahy, William D. Perez, Charles Prince, A. Eugene Washington, Marillyn A. Hewson, Hubert Joly, and Ronald A. Williams.^[158] and Mark Weinberger.^[159]

The current members of the Executive Committee of Johnson & Johnson are: Joseph Wolk (the company's chief financial officer from 2014),^{[98] [160]} Peter Fasolo, Ashley McEvoy, Thibaut Mongon, Paul Stoffels, and Michael Sneed, Jennifer Taubert, Michael Ullmann, and Kathy Wengel.^[161]

On July 2, 2018, Johnson & Johnson's head of pharmaceuticals, Joaquin Duato, became the vice-chairman of the executive committee.^[162]

Chairmen [edit]

• Robert Wood Johnson I (1887–1910)
• James Wood Johnson (1910–1932)
• Robert Wood Johnson II (1932–1963)
• Philip B. Hofmann (1963–1973)
• Richard B. Sellars (1973–1976)
• James E. Burke (1976–1989)
• Ralph S. Larsen (1989–2002)
• William C. Weldon (2002–2012)
• Alex Gorsky (2012–present)

Headquarters and the New Brunswick gentrification [edit]

The company has historically been located on the Delaware and Raritan Canal in New Brunswick. The company considered moving its headquarters out of New Brunswick in the 1960s but decided to stay in the town after city officials promised to revitalize downtown New Brunswick by demolishing old buildings and constructing new ones. While New Brunswick lost many historic structures, including the early home of Rutgers University, and most of its historic commercial waterfront to the redevelopment effort, the gentrification did attract people back to New Brunswick. Johnson & Johnson hired Henry N. Cobb from Pei Cobb Freed & Partners to design its new headquarters. Johnson and Johnson Plaza, in a park across the railroad tracks from the older portion of the headquarters, is one of tallest buildings in New Brunswick.

The stretch of Delaware and Raritan canal by the company's headquarters was replaced by a stretch of Route 18 in the late 1970s,^[163] after a lengthy dispute.^[164] In 2002, the company released its plan of setting up Asia-Pacific information technology headquarters in New South Wales within five years.^[165]

Environmental record [edit]

Johnson & Johnson has set several positive goals to keep the company environmentally friendly and was ranked third among the United States's largest companies in Newsweek 's "Green Rankings".^[166] Some examples are the reduction in water use, waste, and energy use and an increased level of transparency.^[167] Johnson & Johnson agreed to change its packaging of plastic bottles used in the manufacturing process, switching their packaging of liquids to non-polyvinyl chloride containers.^[168] The corporation is working with the Climate Northwest Initiative and the EPA National Environmental Performance Track program.^[169] As a member of the national Green Power Partnership, Johnson & Johnson operates the largest solar power generator in Pennsylvania at its site in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania.^[170]

Recalls and litigation [edit]

1982 Chicago Tylenol murders [edit]

On September 29, 1982, a "Tylenol scare" began when the first of seven individuals died in Chicago metropolitan area, after ingesting Extra Strength Tylenol that had been deliberately laced with cyanide.^[171] Within a week, the company pulled 31 million bottles of capsules back from retailers, making it one of the first major recalls in American history.^[171] The incident led to reforms in the packaging of over-the-counter substances and to federal anti-tampering laws. The case remains unsolved and no suspects have been charged. Johnson & Johnson's quick response, including a nationwide recall, was widely praised by public relations experts and the media and was the gold standard for corporate crisis management.^{[172] [173] [174]}

2010 children's product recall [edit]

On April 30, 2010, McNeil Consumer Healthcare, a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson, voluntarily recalled 43 over-the-counter children's medicines, including Tylenol, Tylenol Plus, Motrin, Zyrtec and Benadryl. The recall was conducted after a routine inspection at a manufacturing facility in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, United States revealed that some "products may not fully meet the required manufacturing specifications".^{[175] [176]} Affected products may contain a "higher concentration of active ingredients" or exhibit other manufacturing defects.^[176] Products shipped to Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Guam, Guatemala, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Fiji were included in the recall.^[175] In a statement, Johnson & Johnson said "a comprehensive quality assessment across its manufacturing operations" was underway.^{[175] [176]} A dedicated website was established by the company listing affected products and other consumer information.^[176]

2010 hip-replacement recall [edit]

On August 24, 2010, DePuy, a subsidiary of American giant Johnson & Johnson, recalled its ASR (articular surface replacement) hip prostheses from the market. DePuy said the recall was due to unpublished National Joint Registry data showing a 12% revision rate for resurfacing at five years and an ASR XL revision rate of 13%. All hip prostheses fail in some patients, but it is expected that the rate will be about 1% a year.^[177] Pathologically, the failing prosthesis had several effects. Metal debris from wear of the implant led to a reaction that destroyed the soft tissues surrounding the joint, leaving some patients with long term disability. Ions of cobalt and chromium – the metals from which the implant was made – were also released into the blood and cerebral spinal fluid in some patients.^[178]

In March 2013, a jury in Los Angeles ordered Johnson & Johnson to pay more than $8.3million in damages to a Montana man in the first of more than 10,000 lawsuits pending against the company in connection with the now-recalled DePuy hip.^[179]

Some lawyers and industry analysts have estimated that the suits ultimately will cost Johnson & Johnson billions of dollars to resolve.^[179]

2010 Tylenol recall [edit]

In 2010 and 2011, Johnson & Johnson voluntarily recalled some over-the-counter products, including Tylenol, due to an odor caused by tribromoanisole.^{[180] [181]} In this case, 2,4,6-tribromophenol was used to treat wooden pallets on which product packaging materials were transported and stored.^[180]

Shareholders lawsuit [edit]

In 2010 a group of shareholders sued the board for allegedly failing to take action to prevent serious failings and illegalities since the 1990s, including manufacturing problems, bribing officials, covering up adverse effects and misleading marketing for unapproved uses. The judge initially dismissed the case in September 2011, but allowed the plaintiffs opportunity to refile at a later time.^[182] In 2012 Johnson and Johnson proposed a settlement with the shareholders, whereby the company would institute new oversight, quality and compliance procedures binding for five years.^[183]

Illegal marketing of Risperdal [edit]

Juries in several US states have found J&J guilty of concealing the adverse effects of Janssen Pharmaceuticals' antipsychotic medication Risperdal, produced by its unit, in order to promote it to doctors and patients as better than cheaper generics, and of falsely marketing it for treating patients with dementia.^[184] States that have awarded damages include Texas ($158million), South Carolina ($327million), Louisiana ($258million), and most notably Arkansas ($1.2billion).^[185]

In 2010, the United States Department of Justice joined a whistleblowers suit accusing the company of illegally marketing Risperdal through Omnicare, the largest company supplying pharmaceuticals to nursing homes.^{[186] [187]} The allegations include that J&J were warned by the FDA to not promote Risperdal as effective and safe for elderly patients, but they did so, and that they paid Omnicare to promote the drug to care home physicians.^[188] The settlement was finalized on November 4, 2013, with J&J agreeing to pay a penalty of around $2.2billion, "including criminal fines and forfeiture totaling $485million and civil settlements with the federal government and states totaling $1.72billion".^[189]

Johnson & Johnson has also been subject to congressional investigations related to payments given to psychiatrists to promote its products and ghost write articles, notably Joseph Biederman and his pediatric bipolar disorder research unit.^[190]

Foreign bribery [edit]

In 2011, J&J settled litigation brought by the US Securities and Exchange Commission under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and paid around $70M in disgorgement and fines.^[191] J&J's employees had given kickbacks and bribes to doctors in Greece, Poland, and Romania to obtain business selling drugs and medical devices and had bribed officials in Iraq to win contracts under the Oil for Food program.^[192] J&J fully cooperated with the investigation once the problems came to light.^[193]

Consumer fraud settlements [edit]

In May 2017, J&J reached an agreement to pay $33million to several states to settle consumer fraud allegations in some of the company's over-the-counter drugs.^{[194] [195] [196]}

Use of the Red Cross symbol [edit]

Johnson & Johnson registered the Red Cross as a U.S. trademark for "medicinal and surgical plasters" in 1905 and has used the design since 1887.^[197] The Geneva Conventions, which reserved the Red Cross emblem for specific uses, were first approved in 1864 and ratified by the United States in 1882. However, the emblem was not protected by U.S. law for the use of the American Red Cross and the U.S. military until after Johnson & Johnson had obtained its trademark. A clause in this law (now 18 U.S.C. 706) permits this pre-existing use of the Red Cross to continue.

A declaration made by the U.S. upon its ratification of the 1949 Geneva Conventions includes a reservation that pre-1905 U.S. domestic uses of the Red Cross, such as Johnson & Johnson's, would remain lawful as long as the cross is not used on "aircraft, vessels, vehicles, buildings or other structures, or upon the ground," i.e., uses which could be confused with its military uses.^[198] This means that the U.S. did not agree to any interpretation of the 1949 Geneva Conventions that would overrule Johnson & Johnson's trademark. The American Red Cross continues to recognize the validity of Johnson & Johnson's trademark.^[199]

In August 2007, Johnson & Johnson filed a lawsuit against the American Red Cross (ARC), demanding that the charity halt the use of the red cross symbol on products it sells to the public, though the company takes no issue with the charity's use of the mark for non-profit purposes.^[200] In May 2008, the judge in the case dismissed most of Johnson & Johnson's claims, and a month later the two organizations announced a settlement had been reached in which both parties would continue to use the symbol.^[201]

Boston Scientific lawsuits [edit]

Since 2003, Johnson & Johnson and Boston Scientific have both claimed that the other had infringed on their patents covering heart stent medical devices. The litigation was settled when Boston Scientific agreed to pay $716million to Johnson & Johnson in September 2009 and an additional $1.73billion in February 2010.^[202] Their dispute was renewed in 2014, now on the grounds of a contract dispute.^[203]

Patent-infringement case against Abbott [edit]

In 2007, Johnson & Johnson sued Abbott Laboratories over the development and sale of the arthritis drug Humira, claiming Abbott used technology licensed exclusively to Johnson & Johnson's Centocor division. Johnson & Johnson won the court case, and in 2009 Abbott was ordered to pay Johnson & Johnson $1.17billion in lost revenues and $504million in royalties.^[204] The judge also added $175.6million in interest to bring the total to $1.84billion.^[205] This was the largest patent-infringement award in U.S. history^[204] until the 2013 decision against Teva in favor of Takeda and Pfizer for over $2.1billion.^[206] In 2010 Abbott appealed the verdict^[205] and in 2011 won the appeal.^[207]

Vaginal mesh implants [edit]

Tens of thousands of women worldwide have taken legal action against Johnson & Johnson after suffering serious complications following a vaginal mesh implant procedure.^[208] In 2016 the U.S. states of California and Washington filed a lawsuit against the company, accusing it of deception.^[208] More than 700 women began a class action against the company in the Federal Court of Australia in 2017, telling the court they "suffered irreparable, debilitating pain after the devices began to erode into surrounding tissue and organs, causing infections and complications". The class action alleged that Johnson & Johnson, which "aggressively marketed" the implants "failed to properly warn patients and surgeons of the risk, or test the devices adequately".^[209] Emails between executives show the company was aware of the risks in 2005 but still went ahead and made the product available.^[210]

In October 2019, the company and its subsidiary, Ethicon, Inc. reached a settlement with 41 states and the District of Columbia, with no admission of liability, in a suit alleging deceptive marketing of transvaginal surgical-mesh devices. The suit also alleges that the company failed to disclose risks associated with the product, which J&J pulled from the market in 2012. The amount settled in the suit was about $117million.^[211]

Baby powder [edit]

J&J has been the subject of over 26,000 lawsuits claiming that its baby powder causes ovarian cancer. The lawsuits focus on claims that the talc-based powder is contaminated with asbestos, a known carcinogen commonly found in places where talc is mined.^[212]

In February 2016, J&J was ordered to pay $72million in damages to the family of Jacqueline Fox, a 62-year-old woman who died of ovarian cancer in 2015. The company said it would appeal.^[213]

By March 2017, over 1,000 U.S. women had sued J&J for covering up the possible cancer risk from its Baby Powder product. The company says that 70% of its Baby Powder is used by adults.^[214] In August, a California jury ordered Johnson & Johnson to pay $417million to a woman who claimed she developed ovarian cancer after using the company's talc-based products like Johnson's Baby Powder for feminine hygiene. The verdict included $70million in compensatory damages and $347million in punitive damages. J&J said they would appeal the verdict.^[215] The Missouri Eastern District appeals court later negated a $72million jury verdict in the Jacqueline Fox lawsuit, ruling it lacked jurisdiction in Missouri because of a U.S. Supreme Court decision that imposed limits on where injury lawsuit can be filed. The court said, "...establishing a lawsuit's jurisdiction requires a stronger connection between the forum state and a plaintiff's claims." Subsequently, this ruling killed three other recent St. Louis jury verdicts of more than $200million combined. Fox, 62, of Birmingham, Alabama, died in 2015, about four months before her trial was held in St. Louis Circuit Court. She was among 65 plaintiffs, of whom only two were from Missouri.^[216]

In July 2018, a St. Louis jury awarded nearly $4.7billion in damages to 22 women and their families after they claimed that asbestos in Johnson & Johnson talcum powder caused their ovarian cancer.^[217] In August, J&J said that it removed several chemicals from baby powder products and re-engineered them to make consumers more confident that products were safer for children.^[218] The company was forced to release internal documents in December, with 11,700 people suing J&J over cancers allegedly caused by baby powder. The documents showed that the company had known about asbestos contamination since at least as early as 1971 and had spent decades finding ways to conceal the evidence from the public.^[219] On December 19, 2018, the company lost its request to reverse a jury verdict that ruled in favor of the accusers, which required the company to pay $4.14billion in punitive damages and $550million in compensatory damages.^[220] Though asbestos is a known carcinogen, the potential link between asbestos-free talc and cancer also alleged in these lawsuits is a subject of scientific controversy, as discussed on the Neurologica blog by Steven Novella. A large study performed in 2003 found that ovarian cancer risk increased from a baseline of 0.0121% to 0.0161% in people who reported regularly using talc in the genital area. Two more studies over the next twelve years, which also relied on self-reporting, had similar results. However, none of the three studies showed a relationship between how long someone used talc and how much their cancer risk increased, which is expected in experiments with carcinogens and other toxic substances (see dose-response relationship).^[221]

Conversely, in December the following year, a St. Louis jury ruled in favor of Johnson & Johnson in the case of a single plaintiff who had used the company's talc-containing baby powder for thirty years with a similar claim.^[222] In 2019, the company's CEO, Alex Gorsky, declined to appear at a United States congressional hearing on the safety of J&J's Baby Powder and other talc-based cosmetics. J&J spokesman Ernie Knewitz said that the subcommittee had rejected the company's offers to send a talc testing expert or a J&J executive in charge of consumer products.^[223] In response to declining demand, J&J announced it would discontinue the sale of talc-based baby powder in the United States and Canada in May 2020, but would continue to sell it in other markets. In a statement, the company said that the existing retail inventory of the talc-based powder will sell until it runs out, while the company's cornstarch-based baby powder will continue to sell in the United States and Canada.^[224]

In June 2021, the Supreme Court of the United States refused to consider an appeal from J&J, leaving in place a judgment from a state appeal court that had cut the original award to $2.1 billion. Two of the justices had to recuse: Samuel Alito because either he and/or his wife owning or recently owning stock in J&J, and Brett Kavanaugh, whose father led an industry group lobbying against safety warnings on talc products. Representing the affected women during the trial, Mark Lanier remarked that the Supreme Court's decision sent "a clear message to the rich and powerful: You will be held to account when you cause grievous harm under our system of equal justice under law."^{[225] [226]} J&J had argued that the combined claims in the St. Louis trial were too different, yet the short jury deliberation and identical payouts were, therefore, a violation of the company's due process and also that the high punitive award was unconstitutional.^[212]

On October 14, 2021, Johnson & Johnson subsidiary LTL Management LLC, using a process called a Texas divisional merger, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in North Carolina. The process allowed by Texas law lets a company create a separate subsidiary to take over liabilities, with the existing company operating normally. The new company, with a different name, can locate in a state such as North Carolina where bankruptcy laws are different, and then declare bankruptcy, paying less than the original company would have. In the case of LTL, a $2 billion trust will be created, compared to $25 billion if Johnson & Johnson had declared bankruptcy. According to the filing, a company known as Old JJCI took on the baby powder related liabilities in 1979, while Johnson & Johnson remained a defendant. LTL and New JJCI were created with LTL taking the baby powder related liabilities and some assets, and New JJCI taking the remaining assets. Johnson & Johnson says LTL is now based in New Jersey.^{[227] [228]}

Opioid epidemic [edit]

By 2018, the company had become embroiled in the opioid epidemic in the United States and had become a target of lawsuits.^{[229] [230]} Over 500 opioid-related cases have been filed as of May 2018 against J&J and its competitors.^[231] In Idaho, J&J is part of a lawsuit accusing the company for being partially to blame for opioid-related overdose deaths.^[232] The first major trial began in Oklahoma in May 2019.^[233] On August 26, 2019, the Oklahoma judge ordered J&J to pay $572million for their part in the opioid crisis,^[234] and in October J&J paid $20.4million to two Ohio counties fighting the opioid epidemic.^[235]

Northeastern Ohio Settlement [edit]

In October 2019, the company agreed to a settlement of $20.4million with two Ohio counties – Cuyahoga (Cleveland) and Summit (Akron). The settlement allows the company avoidance of a trial accusing J&J and many other pharmaceutical manufacturers of helping to spark the US opioid epidemic. The trial, scheduled for October 2019, was thought to be an indicator for thousands of opioid-related lawsuits against many drug manufacturers. The arrangement, which contains no admission of liability by the company, provides the counties $10million in cash, $5million for legal expenses and $5.4million in contributions to opioid-related non-profit organizations in the counties.^[236]

See also [edit]

• Zodiac (schooner)

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External links [edit]

• Official website
• Business data for Johnson & Johnson:
  • Google Finance
  • Yahoo! Finance
  • SEC filings

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_&_johnson

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